Reflection Paper: Socialization and Self-Identity

Reflection Paper: Socialization and Self-Identity Introduction I grew up in an average middle class family, whereby I attended a public primary school during early years of my life. Life was quite simple in primary school because almost all pupils were friendly and there were no social divisions both in class and outside. However, life was different when I went to high school, with the existence of a caste system that drew distinct boundaries between the middle class students who were well behaved and the lower class students associated with rudeness and truancy. Socialization in Relation to Self Identity According to Styker (1980), sociological approach to self identity is based on assumption of an existence of a relationship between oneself and the society, whereby the self influences the society through individual actions thus creating groups, networks and institutions. Likewise, the society influences self through shared meanings and language that enable someone to engage in social interactions and reflect upon himself/herself as an object. My primary school life was greatly shaped by society within a conducive environment that never encouraged social divisions among pupils but embraced a unified community, where everyone seemed to conform to norms and regulations of the school. This is further supported by social identity theory that emphasizes on identity as being embedded in a social group or category rather than role behavior (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, Wetherell 1987). Life in high school was quite different from that of primary school as I had to identify with either the middle class students who conformed to school regulations or identify with the lower class students, who were truant, rude and cared less about school rules and regulations. This called for need to reflect, evaluate and plan accordingly in order to bring out my future state and achieve consciousness with respect to my own existence in school. Initially, I was torn between the two cliques of students because much as I desired to perform well in school, I also wanted to drink, smoke and do the crazy things that teenagers do. After critical self evaluation, I found myself striking a balance between the two sets of students and had two different sets of social lives. I could occasionally identify with the middle class students who were well behaved when I needed to study and equally strike a balance in being popular with the truant group, especially when I needed to smoke, drink and m isbehave. Such decision came after some crisis (Mercia 2008). According to Marcias identity status theory, ones sense of identity is largely determined by choices and commitments made in respect to personal and social traits. Focusing on adolescent development, Mercia (2008) points out that adolescent stage consists neither of identity resolution nor identity confusion, but rather the degree to which one has explored and committed to an identity in a variety of life domains from education, religion, relational choices and gender roles among others. Marcias theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts form an adolescents identity, namely; crisis and commitment. He defined a crisis as a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined and further argues that the end outcome of a crisis leads to a commitment made to a certain role or value. Living comfortably with the two sets of students explains the notion that there are as many different selves as there are different positions that one holds in society as well as to different groups responding to self (James 1890). This brings out my overall self that has multiple identities, with each identity being tied to aspects of the social structure (Burke 1980). When associating with the truant group of students, the only things we did and discussed were those relevant to the group such as planning how to misbehave, where to drink, smoke and do other things that were against school rules. On the other hand, identifying with disciplined group of students restricted me to discuss and do things that were relevant to identity of the group such as class assignments and group discussions. This boosted my psychological well being as well as social skills that enabled me to fit well in school society as supported by Thoits (2001), who argues that greater psychological well- being all ows individuals to actively acquire multiple role identities over time. Furthermore research has proved that making roles and accumulating role identities equally fosters greater psychological well being. Being able to identify and associate with two sets of students in high school can be attributed to identity theory. Stryker (1980) describes identity theory as a micro- sociological theory that links self attitudes or identities to the role- related behavior of individuals. It takes into account individual role relationships and identity variability, motivation and differentiation. This implies that my behavior in any of the two groups was dependant on shared responses and behavioral expectations emerging from social interactions. Exchange theory further supports my interaction with two sets of students as it views commitment as being influenced by repeated exchange agreement, which generate emotional connection among group members in the form of satisfaction (Lawler Yoon 1996). Socialization in Relation to Academic Performance Ability to identify with the disciplined set of students gave me satisfaction, both academically and psychologically as learning requires diligence and obedience, qualities that are widely associated with feminists. On the other hand, associating with truant group of students gave me the excitement and drive to enjoy my teenage life as well as performance of masculinity, which is associated with the highest social status in state schooling environment, a status that I could only achieve through identifying with truant group of students (Fine 2003 Renold 2006). I was an extrovert, popular with my peers and a high academic achiever. Friends were my most enjoyable aspect of school and I accentuated communication and relationships with friends, while maintaining good heterosexual relationships that invested more in emotional instead of physical aspects of the relationships within the two sets of friends. Research has shown that high achievement in class does not necessarily constitute classroom isolation and unpopularity, thus students identified as high achieving are equally popular. Based on this observation, it can be argued that high academic achievement is not impending the popularity of a student and the sociability of a student may indicate that strong social skills contribute to high academic achievement as was my case (Jackson, 2006). Francis, Skelton Read (2010) indicate in their research that sociability of students results to increased levels of confidence for boys and girls regardless of their social class, pointing out that high performing students are often highly aware of their high academic achievement and this achievement awareness preoccupation delineates the notion of giftedness. I was able to excel academically because I was comfortable with my perceived high academic ability and I never underestimated my achievement in relation to my peers, unlike what most girls do. Being vividly aware of my own authenticity, I managed to construct my popularity based on my intrinsic merit factors such as friendliness, sociability and kindness. I was actively engaged in class work and worked hard, completing all assignments even in challenging conditions. Furthermore, I was an enthusiastic participant in class and was always ready to execute given tasks during classes. I was in good terms with teachers and this added value to my performance of attitude. My talks and actions frequently dominated during my days in high school as I was loud, assertive and at the center of events, unlike my low achieving and less popular peers, who were more extrinsic and obsessed with factors such as good looks. I however considered myself good looking and fashionable in appearance during those days. My physical attractiveness and stylish clothing enhanced my classroom relationships and contributed greatly in bringing a balance between my popularity and academic achievement. This i s in agreement with Butler (1993) and Kehily (2006) who indicate that physical appearance facilitates and contributes to sociability, confidence and sometimes academic excellence. My performance enhancing qualities are in agreement with self categorization theory that describes how people define themselves at group level as well as at an individual level, considering group and individual identities to be different levels of self categorization and more distinct from each other as opposed to social identity theory (Hogg and Terry 2000). Employing this theory gave me an opportunity to have unlimited range of identities based on context and convenience to achieve desired objectives based on targeted achievement with any particular kind of behavior. In their contribution to social identity theories, Lucey and Reay (2002) observe that academic success and excellence cannot exist without failure, supporting the fact that some students must be marked as failures for others to be identified as successful. This explains my academic excellence and equally explains poor performance for some of my peers. Conclusion Human beings are social beings and need each other to coexist, a fact supported by the existence of social theories of identity, which explain personal, interpersonal as well as group relationships. As a teenager and a student, social theories of identity worked to my advantage as I managed to strike a balance between different categories of social groups in favor of my performance and social life. I lived well in high school because I could use social theories to manipulate situations for the sake of a peaceful and harmonious existence, while at the same time quenching my curiosity for exciting teenage experience. If well used, social theories can bring success to ones academic performance and fruitful relationships that support peaceful coexistence within a given society.

“Oh the places you’ll go” Dr Seuss and The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Essay

Congratulations! Today is your day. You’re off to Great Places! You’re off and away.† These opening lines mark the commencement of the imaginative journey through the world created by Dr. Seuss in his picture book, â€Å"†Oh the Places You’ll go!† ,an allegory of Life and its possibilities. Robert Frost also explores the same concept in his poem The Road not Taken. It is clear from both texts a journey of the imagination influences and shapes one’s perspective of the world and often results in transformation. â€Å"Oh the Places you’ll Go† motivates personal growth through gaining an understanding of the complexities of life, inspiring optimism and perseverance. The Road Not Taken however emphasizes the significance of decisions one makes in their life and how such decisions are the catalysts to the person they become. In the characteristic style of Dr. Seuss, ‘oh the places you’ll go’; is written in rhyme with a light tone. The language is simple, utilizing many metaphors, both visually and written. The imaginative journey alludes to all aspects of life; the positives through grinning purple elephants while the negatives are personified into â€Å"Hakken Kraks†. The author rejoices in everyone’s potential to fulfill their dreams: â€Å"You’ll be on your way up! / You’ll be seeing great sights!† While at the same time, he is realistic about the pitfalls of life: â€Å"grind on for miles across weirdish wild space, headed, I fear, toward a most useless place† This distinctive style with the balance of absurdity and the relative indifference to the philosophical message being unveiled is what heightens the books appeal to a wide audience. Hence the imaginative journey is not subject to age constraints and as a result, both young and old are able to experience growth or a change in their perspectives. â€Å"Oh The Places You’ll Go† has no distinct characters, except for the direct address ‘you’, supported by a young figure, the indicative of ‘you’ who visually carries out the imaginative journey, over colorful checkerboard landscapes, through mazelike streets. A direct personal link is established and the responder is able to literally perceive the imaginative journey. The Road Not Taken also achieves a personal connection through its style of first person, creating intimacy and the imagery of the road. From this we see the imaginative journey assists the reader in becoming personally involved with the text, the reader is able to engage with the story and hence draw insights and a greater understanding of the issues. Despite â€Å"Oh The Places you’ll Go† portraying both the positive and negative aspects of life, the imaginative journey ends with a return to reality and the optimistic message, ‘And will you succeed? Yes! You will, indeed!’ Although labeled with the warning â€Å"to be dexterous and deft. And NEVER mix up your right foot with your left.† In contrast to the enthusiastic tone of Dr. Seuss, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, is contemplative and its message more cautious, to think hard about any forks in the road, for it could â€Å"make all the difference.† He suggests that perhaps journeys have no ending as â€Å"way leads on to way,† one choice is followed by another and it is simply impossible to recreate the past. Hence we can see how one can change as a result of an imaginative journey, even if there is not a destination.

What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology?

Radiology diagnostic imaging is an important tool for appropriate therapy planning and for clinical diagnosis of diseases. However, in recent years, there has been an increase of requests require diagnosis by radiation (Siciliano, 2017). So, as the use of radiation increase and become very important in evaluate and diagnose pathology, it become essentially importance to focus on its risks, especially in pediatric. In young person's, exposure to ionizing radiation must kept low as can as possible, because their tissues are highly radiosensitive. In this age radiation induce risks is relatively high as tissues mitosis rates are high. As a result, it is fundamentally more vulnerable to damage than inactive tissues, it cause DNA metabolism damaged by radiation. The radiation risk is therefore highest in infancy and early childhood. Children, who have many years left to live (life expectancy), are more likely than adults to develop radiation-induced cancer; also, as future parents, they are at risk for passing on radiation-induced genetic defects to the next generation. (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). For these reasons, whenever possible, radiological studies on children should replace by other imaging modality that does not involve radiation such as, magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging. Pediatric conventional X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) require special examining protocols and techniques sets by the radiology department that are suitable to the patient's age and to the indication for the study in order to prevent the patient from unnecessary dose (Siciliano, 2017). This article is to discuss the principles of radiation protection for pediatric in general radiography, components of equipment using in the plain radiograph and it's function in lowering radiation dose in pediatric patient, the role of radiographer, technical and radiation exposure consideration in this issue with clinical example to evaluate the radiation dose for some common pediatric x-ray examination performed by digital radiography system. Body The attention of the medical communities and scientific has greatly focused on the biological effects of ionizing radiations and, in general, on the radiation protection. The purpose of these studies is to provide protection and health for persons who are subjected to radiation exposure especially for pediatric patient (Siciliano, 2017. â€Å"searches estimated that exposure to radiation in the first ten years of life induces a risk two to three times higher than exposures incurred between thirty and forty years of age†( Siciliano, 2017 pp.134) . In particular, the pediatric patient in this age they are still growing so ,they are more radiosensitive than an adult (and having a longer life expectancy), therefore, â€Å"the probability of health effects by IR in a child is three times greater than that of an adult†(Siciliano,2017) . A child's body differ in some respects from adult's body. Actually, pediatric body is short and wide in contrary, to the adult body which is long and less broad. If the trunk of small child's body is X-rayed, the shape of the body make it difficult to avoid non-require part from irradiate that's because the larger areas of the body lie within the radiation field and are consequently, more affected by scattered radiation. (Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011) . That is mean for example if trunk is x-rayed, other parts like extremities will be affected by scatter radiation. Tissue, which is at high risk of damage by radiation such as hematopoietic bone marrow, differ in location between adults and infants. â€Å"In adults, 74% (spine, ribs, and pelvis) is located in the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the trunk and 35% in the extremities†(Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011.pp.408). This indicates that child hematopoietic bone marrow distributes widely in all parts of the body. That is why we must to reduce the dose to the pediatric patient. The use of radiation in pediatric radiology must be minimize as can as possible in order to protect child patient form radiation induce risk or try to lower the radiation dose by following certain criteria in pediatric imaging particularly in examinations that require more radiation and more than one projection such as skeletal survey. Equipment use in general radiography: Equipment that carry general examinations have an essential role in reducing the dose to the young patients. Most digital radiography (DR) now are sufficient in lowering patient radiation dose compared to screen-film radiography and previous used equipment but reverse is also possible (uffmann, 2009). Because the modern DR system have detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency (CsI:TI/a-Si DR detectors )it become able to improve image quality with less radiation dose(Knight,2014). This system use technique of raising the KVP and lowering the mAs which responsible to the radiation dose (Knight,2014) . This fact make it perfect to use in pediatric radiography. However, in digital system blackening of film at higher dose not exist in the radiograph as this will lead to unnoticed increase in dose over time when using digital system with manual tube sitting(uffmann, 2009). To overcome this problem, the radiographer can manipulate exposure factor and select it carefully without affecting the image quality (Knight,2014). The radiographer have an important role in lowering radiation dose and provide radiation safety to the pediatric patients using several methods and techniques for maximum protection while obtaining optimum diagnostic image.Wearing colorful uniforms to gain child trust and make them cooperative (Sulieman,2015) .Obtain good position by positioning the patient correctly in close contact with the cassata to prevent scatter radiation and repetition (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Use the infant holder rather than let someone to hold and give unnecessary radiation to that person (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Adjust optimum exposure factor.Using of immobilization device will avoid movement and repetition of image.Apply gonad protection will lead to reduce the dose absorbed by testicular by up to 95%. Protecting ovaries will lower the dose up to 50% (Sulieman,2015)Preparing the patient perfectly to avoid any appearance of artifact in the image which will cause to repeat the image and consequently increa sing the dose.There is a lot of consideration and techniques must be follow to lower the radiation dose to young patient. ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) is an important techniques to achieve the optimum dose for an X-ray examination in pediatric radiography while obtaining good image quality. Firstly, should to consider in tube voltage use for each examination. As the result of smaller and thinner body of children than adult then the dose deliver to the child must be lower (Alzen and Benz-Bohm,2011). The American Society of Radiologic Technologists(ASRT)white paper says â€Å"using the highest kVp with the lowest amount of mAs is needed to provide an adequate exposure to the image receptor and therefore decrease amount of attenuation and dose to the patient is the best technique for pediatric in digital imaging† (Stephen,2014) . In addition, the authors' research has shown that using an additional tube filter of 1mm aluminum (Al) and 0.1 to 0.2 mm copper (Cu) for pediatric radiography will result in decreasing the surface dose by half. Also using proper collimation help to minimize primary and scatter radiation. Karami.et.al,(2016) focused on the essential role of increasing the X-ray focus to film distance (FFD) in lowering the radiation dose to the chest in general pediatric radiography. Study shown that is increasing FFD from 100 cm to 130 cm its effective to reduce patient radiation dose. Specifically, following special technique when imaging chest x-ray in pediatric is very important. The breast tissue in this age is very sensitive to the ionizing radiation. Therefore, a PA chest technique is favorable if the patient is cooperate and can perform it (Sulieman,2015). This to prevent this sensitive tissue from primary beam. . Table 1. Briefly, demonstrate the techniques of pediatric patient protection in plain film radiography. This case study was done in SQU Hospital for 7 months old male patient come to the department for skeletal survey. He has skeletal abnormality from birth. Doctor requested to do AP and lateral skull, AP chest, AP spine, AP pelvic, AP full lower limb, AP feet, AP both upper extremities, PA both hands. There was absence of right hand and forearm and meromelia â€Å"which is a partial absence of part of the limbs†(Nayak S et al.2016,pp pp106-108) of right upper limb with normal appearance of right humerus, right humerus is slightly smaller compared to left humerus. As many projection was done I compared the radiation dose (DAP) given for some part with the standard dose should give to the pediatric patient in plain radiograph a according to diagram below. In AP skull the patient get 1.41 dGycm2 (14.1 µGy.m2) and for lateral skull 0.400 dGycm2 (4  µGy.m2).Dose considered high in AP skull compared to the standard, this due improper selection of exposure factor. In contrary, lateral skull dose its optimum. Also an image for humerus was repeated and expose patient again due to poor immobilization and movement of the patient that cause increased dose to the patient. In conclusion, protecting child from radiation is necessary for many reasons; the most important one is because of their tissue sensitivity as they still in growth stage and does not mature yet. As result they will be more vulnerable to radiation induce risk and the radiation effect noticeble more in them. Pediatric group are more likely than other age group of society to be irradiated for several reasons, one of them is that, child in this age become sick or get disease easily therefore, they need sometimes for x-ray for accurate diagnosis. Researchers and those who are interested in radiology done many studies in this topic and they found that, there is many methods and ways to reduce dose to the pediatric patient some of this ways come with the machine and some based on radiographers. For example reducing exposure factors, use gonad protection, immobilization device in addition to perform spatial techniques in imaging pediatric patient.

English Language Learners Bilingual Education - 1694 Words

During the nineteenth and early twentieth century there was no set way of how to teach an English-language learner. Some schools practiced bilingual education. Other schools placed immigrant children in English-language learner programs to prepare them for the English-only classroom. Other schools segregated schools specifically for the immigrants aimed at teaching them the language. Some schools just placed immigrant children in English-only classrooms and hoped they would learn. Even though schools like those in New York reported that 60 percent of their student body was immigrants in the early twentieth century, there was no law or regulation of how to teach the students. This varied across the country and two counties in the same state could have differing policies. It depended on the superintendent’s and school board’s view on language programs. It was not until 1950 that classes started such as English as a Second Language aimed at helping immigrant children learn the English language. In the United States in 1950 and in 2016, the most popular language among English-language learners is Spanish; about 80 percent of English-language learners speak Spanish as their first language. Prior to English as a Second Language classes, immigrants exhibited a high dropout rate, they were not supported in schools. The purpose of the English as a Second Language is not only to help students learn the English language, but also help them succeed in their other classes byShow MoreRelatedBilingual Education Is Effective Teaching Strategies For English Language Learners1265 Words   |  6 Pages Now, let us tackle into what an experienced bilingual afterschool program coordinator and a nonprofit organization, the National Association for Bilingual Education, have to say regarding the filed of English Language Learning. 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Introducing Positive Attitude Essay Topics

Introducing Positive Attitude Essay Topics On the flip side, positive thinking can help stop negative self-talks and begin to consciously form a positive view on a problem. The next time you catch yourself stop and appear at the positive of the situation Avoid negative men and women Imagine being around negative people all of the time. Positive attitude may be the key to all the folks who need to satisfy their dreams. Positive people may be approachable and more likeable than someone who's constantly taking a look at the negative side of things. Be grateful for those who love you, and appreciate the wholesome life you were given. Therefore, a great deal of people should attempt to modify their attitude to a positive one. Happy folks also makes others contented. To answer the above mentioned questions that you will need to speak to buddies and ask them what they think then compare that with how you feel you are. How to Choose Positive Attitude Essay Topics With respect to networking opportunities, you're more likely to satisfy uplifting and beneficial individuals in case you have a winning attitude and positive presence about you. So there is absolutely no need to be more afraid of the job you're doing and hunt for something better. The company world includes many folks that are different from you. Hard work, higher energy and a positive outlook will steer you towards great success, regardless of the challenges you meet on the way. What Does Positive Attitude Essay Topics Mean? When you are in possession of a cranky manager, it is going to ruin the entire atmosphere on the job and everyone who people supervise. After you get a true idea of how you approach life positively or negatively then it is possible to think about what needs to modify. Since the start of time, everyone knows that the direction you think affects the things that will occur in your life. It's simpler to break a habit once you first notice that, instead of waiting years and years to stop. Among the finest and superb advantages of having a positive attitude at work is it gives you job security. The thing with less than perfect attitude is it tends to spread which is why you have to manage the issue and address it as quickly as possible. The effective area of the attitude includes beliefs and knowledge in addition to evaluation of the circumstance or stimulus. Therefore don't ever decrease the effects of your work by having a poor attitude all the time. Positive thinking is a strong tool for coping with hardships and improving the standard of someone's life. The negative effects of giving birth to a terrible attitude could lead to having an extremely lousy impression. Individuals that have a positive attitude will focus on the good, instead of bad in people, situations, events. Additionally, there are many things that have cause changes in my personal attitude. The Good, the Bad and Positive Attitude Essay Topics A supervisor who demonstrates and knows the way to create a positive attitude can lead a departmental workforce with just average experience and expertise to attain high productivity and productive performance. The majority of the times, student will feel that learning isn't their primary priority but teaching is teachers job. Superior employee attitudes drive positive outcomes. A person's attitude is also related to their social groups and household backgrounds. What Everybody Dislikes About Positive Attitude Ess ay Topics and Why Imagine the standard of writing you'll receive from an inexpensive essay writing service. Yes, there's a person who can aid you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. The author believes there are two kinds of self-esteem. Real positive thinking operates by implementing coping abilities. Humor is a strong motivator. Attitude may be the difference between success and failure for virtually any employee. Gratitude is among the most underestimated ways everyone can utilize to enrich their lives. Gratitude is the ideal attitude. The body much like the other topics, descriptions ought to be in detail and ought to appeal on the five senses. It's much wiser to learn how to maintain a positive attitude at the job place, and make your way to another job you truly enjoy, or even to set up your own company. Just consider the world around you and compare those that have a positive attitude and individuals who always find the negative in everything. You're never likely to get fired for having a very good attitude. Relate daily to the uplifting colleagues and you will realize your positive attitude raise also. A positive attitude will allow you to shake the nerves and leave you relaxed and simple to speak to. Realize you might not have a very good attitude about someone once it comes to work ethic. Possessing positive attitude is very important. If, as an example, you wish to change your thinking and become more positive you are able to do so because you've learnt the skill of being negative. Your mind is a computer that may be programmed. Possessing positive support is crucial. Seek your own personal and professional success by making use of the tools within this attitude tool kit.

Professional Writing Essay - 800 Words

â€Å"To write is human, to write well is divine† (Anonymous, 2010). So, why is it important to write professionally and what constitutes professional writing? Contrary to popular belief, professional writing is not merely being paid to write; although, professional writers are paid well. In short, professional writing is writing at the next level with a purpose. It is important to show the basic aspects of professional writing (knowing the audience, knowing the purpose, being persuasive, and getting to the point) so that one is able to accomplish the act of communicating effectively and looking professional in doing so. Let’s not confuse professional writing (business writing) with recreational writing (creative writing). When one†¦show more content†¦Writing the message with the audience in mind will not only help shape the style of the message itself but the tone in which it is presented as well as the formality of the language used. Tone is the main tool used to effectively and efficiently sell the message and its purpose. Advanced word usage (conversational yet professional, positive, courteous, inclusive and familiar to the reader) is important in writing. Use of active or passive voice, emphasis through style, coherent sentence structure, coherent paragraph structure and placement of the main idea within the message are all used to set the tone and shape the readers frame of mind. Tone also dictates the clarity in which the message is delivered. The most important thing is to format the document and design the content of your message with the reader in mind so that they w ill understand the message clearly and quickly as well as accept the message readily. Professional writing is not industry specific or medium specific. For that matter it is not just for professionals or professional purposes. It is not just for writing a novel or a business letter or inter-office memo. It can be used for direct messages that require action, making requests, delivery of bad news, giving instruction, reports or proposals, marketing, school research projects, goodwill messages, or something as informal as sending an email to a family member. Is the address correct? Does the subject line summarize the idea of theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Professional Writing?1583 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is professional writing? Answer: Professional writing is the composition of informative materials designed for those who work in a professional capacity. This career also involves creating explanatory documents and articles, as well as sales materials for use in technical fields. Producing documentation and educational materials for use in the medical field is another activity within professional writing. 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Marketing Strategies & Value Creation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Prepare a report on the use of Marketing Communications utilising an Organisation of your choice such as a Small Business, not for Profit or Corporate Enterprise. Answer: Introduction: The primary aim of any business entity is the values creation. The creation of the values by the firm helps the same to sell the products or service to the customers. The value creation is the process by which the company can ensures its profitability in the market through its products and service. The creation of the values is determined by various factors of the business as well as the strategic management of the organization (Achtenhagen, Melin Naldi, 2013). On the other hand, value creation is referred to one of the aspects of the marketing communication which is determines the firms performance in the market. The marketing communication further involves the identification and understanding of the target audience, differentiation from the competition in the market, development of the key messages and the selection of the communication channels (Luxton Mavondo, 2015). The marketing communication is thus important for the creating and values to the organizations business activiti es. For establishing the proper marketing communication and creating values for the business, different strategies are used by the firms. The strategies determine the effectiveness of the value creation through business communication (Grnroos Voima, 2013). There are some theories, models and principles that are used for utilizing the marketing communication in order to create value for organizational activities. The chosen company for the following report is Oxfam International, which is a non-profit organization. It must be noted that for any nonprofit organization the marketing communication and value creation are focused on the service of the organization and the same is not referred to the profitability. Company Background: Oxfam International is one of the biggest international nonprofit organizations based in Australia. The aim of the organization is to eliminate poverty from the world (Oxfam International, 2017). The firm is into various activities for the poor in order to create permanent solution for removing their poverty. The purpose of the organization is focused on the elimination of the poverty by supporting the poor communities in all over the world. The company believes in the right to equality and for doing the same the firm in engaged in various welfare activities through which the poor people can get opportunities to remove their poverty. The organization is committed towards the protection of the human rights of the people living in poverty throughout the world. Therefore, the area of serving the people and various communities is spared in all over the world. The company was founded in 1942 and presently serving the poor people of 20 countries. Being a charitable organization, Oxfam is not into any specific business activities, rather the company does campaign and different fundraising program for fighting the poverty. At present the company is serving 90 communities in the international context. The activities of the company include financial support, educational and health support, human development and women empowerment. Marketing Communication: Marketing communication is one of the major aspects for the business organization that ensue the effective business activities of the firm in the market of target audience. The effectiveness of the marketing communication is measured through the achievement of the business goals and objectives which are focused on increasing preferences, raising awareness and generating leads (Thorson Moore, 2013). All these activities of the marketing communication ensure the value creation and value addition to the business. Precisely, the marketing communication is the process and strategies through which the firm communicates with the consumers in order to convey right messages to the targeted audience (Vanhamme et al., 2012). Among the different types of the marketing communication, development of the key message is the majorly important in terms of making the consumers aware of the marketing and business activities of the firm for the certain stakeholders. Through the effective marketing commu nication, the firm is able to ensure the profitability and long run of the firm in the competitive market. Oxfams Marketing Communication: It is mentioned previously that being the charitable nonprofit organization, the company is not into any specific business activities that can make profit to the organization. Consequently, the company has no such competitors in the market from the same background. However, there is various nonprofit organization in all over the world, but the aim of them are different from Oxfam. On the other hand, having no such market and competitors the firms marketing communication is not based on the business activities. As mentioned earlier the organization is aimed at providing service to the poor in order to eliminate the poverty from the world. For serving this purpose the company needs financial resources by which Oxfam can provide proper support to the poor people. As the company does not have any proper business, the company sells the old second hand things that are donated by various people. The company also raises funds from various events and campaigns (Oxfam International, 2017). Hence the marketing communication of the firm is based on the fundraising programs for serving the poor. The company through its website and various campaigns and events convey its messages of providing betterment service to the society. For selling the products donated by the people, the company uses its marketing communication. However, it must be noted that the company is more focused on the values creating through strategic management rather to focus on marketing communication. Marketing Strategies: Marketing strategies are the major and primary part of the marketing in business. the proper and effective marketing strategies determine the profitability and success of the business in the market. Marketing strategies are a set of ways and process through which the company runs its business activities effectively and uniquely (Hollensen, 2015). Each company has different set of marketing strategies for its business activities. However, there are some theoretical and corporate set of marketing strategies that are popular among the successful business organization as the same have shown its effectiveness. The organizations use their marketing strategies not only for the successful business activities, but also connecting their corporate activities to the society which leads the organizations to sustain in the market (Grnroos Voima, 2013). In short the proper and effective marketing strategies and its implementation by the organization ensure the firms sustainability, but also create values for its business. Value Creation through Marketing Strategies: The uniqueness of the marketing strategies for each business entity is responsible for the value creation. The purpose of the marketing strategy is to add value to the organizational business and corporate social activities. The uniqueness and the differentiation of the products or service are rendered to the consumers through the effective marketing strategies (Lindgreen et al., 2012). For example, the marketing strategies of the organization often exaggerate the specifications and qualities of the products or service offered by the company. Such marketing strategies undoubtedly add values to the firms business activities by attracting more customers towards the firm. On the other hand, such marketing strategies lock the sustainability of the firm in the competitive market. Oxfams Marketing Strategies: It is repeatedly mentioned in the report that Oxfam is a charitable firm and does not operate any active business. Rather, the nonprofit organization is into serving the poor. Therefore, the marketing strategies of the firm are focused on achievement of the organizational goals. As mentioned in the strategic planning report of Oxfam, the firm has six goals and for its achievement the companys strategy is to respond effectively and swiftly to the humanitarian crisis, support the poor for claiming their rights and work for bringing about long term and significant changes in government policies and practice (Oxfam International, 2017). These strategies are not exactly the marketing strategies but a part of the strategic plan for achieving the noble aim of eliminating poverty from the world. Through the annual report of Oxfam, the firm let its stakeholders know about the strategic plan and the awareness of the people from the same adds value to the activities of the organization. Theoretical Approach on Value Creation: There are different theories of value creation as preferred by the scholars. The theoretical approach of the value creation of the organizations indicates the effectiveness of the marketing strategies in order to add values to the firms business activities (Husted, Allen Kock, 2015). This must be noted that the theories of value creation are different for profit and nonprofit organizations because the marketing strategies are different for the firms. The theoretical approach of the value creation enables the firms to ensure the success of its business activities. Collaboration: One of the major strategies of the firm for value creation is the collaboration. There are so many organizations that collaborate with various other business entities for adding more value to the business. Collaboration makes the organization increase its public image and social values. On the other hand, the collaboration increases the profit through the more approachable business activities. As opined by Pedersen and Solerd, (2016), most of the business entities are now moving forward to collaborate with other local business organization, be it small or big, for profitable outcomes through increased business. To win the competition in the market, the company must ensure meaningful and long lasting relationship with the consumers. For strengthening the relationship with the stakeholders as well as wit the customers, the firm therefore chose the collaboration. The local business entities are more popular to the customers and have the brand loyalty; hence it adds an advantage to firms business as well as to the public image when it collaborates with the local business organizations (Austin Seitanidi, 2012). Along with this, both the collaborating organizations are provided with wide range of resources through the collaboration which are beneficial for both of them. Similarly, Oxfam is no different. Oxfam also believes in the collaboration for enhancing the process of value creation to its business (Oxfam International, 2012). However, the collaboration for Oxfam in not indicated towards the increase of firms rate of profit (Sodhi, 2015). On the opposite side, the collaboration organizations are provided with the scope to participate in the social welfare program as conducted by Oxfam, which enable the profit-firms to overcome business model and social liabilities (Dahan et al., 2010). In regard to this, it must be mentioned that Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is one of the emerging strategies that have became almost necessary for the firm operating its business in a broader context to avoid the legal obligation (Lee, Olson Trimi, 2012). Through the strategy of collaboration the profitable organization is able to engage in CSR activities practiced by the non-profit organization. Collaborative Value Creation Framework: As discussed the collaborative value creation framework is one of the major and effective framework that aims at the creation of the value for the non-profit organization through collaboration. The theoretical approach defines value as the transitory and enduring benefits relative to the costs that are generated due to the interaction of the collaborators and that accrue to organizations, individuals and society (Pedersen Solerd, 2016). This theoretical framework is divided into four sections: The Value Creation Spectrum, Collaborative Stages, Partnering Processes and Collaborative Outcome (Austin Seitanidi, 2012). The Oxfams value creation strategies follow this theoretical approach through collaboration (Oxfam International, 2012). This model of value creation proposes an analytical, extensive and conceptual approach to the firms marketing strategies. Figure 1: The Value Creation Framework Source: Koschmann, Kuhn Pfarrer, 2012 Stakeholders Importance: Stakeholders are the most important and basic part of any organization. Stakeholders are the people of the firm who are responsible for successful business activities. The importance of stakeholders is measures by overall business activities of the firm in the competitive market. For any international business organization, the stakeholders play the most vital role in determining the success and profit of business in the international market. It must be mentioned that the stakeholders are not only the employees of the consumers of the organization, but also refers to all the people involved in the business activities directly as well as indirectly. As stated by (Austin Seitanidi, 2012), stakeholders are the basis of the business which influence the sustainability of the firm in the market. In addition, the stakeholders also are capable of influencing the value creation of the business. Both the profit and nonprofit organizations are dependent on their stakeholders engagement in the business activities and CSR activities for long term existence in the market. The key stakeholders of the firms are the investors, employees, shareholders, vendors and customers. All the key stakeholders are important for playing its own role which individually adds value to the business. On the other hand, the engagement of the stakeholders is determined by the organizational activities and image in both the market and society. Therefore, the firms take some important and effective strategies to engage people to the organizations activities. Better communication, social and environmental activities, transparency in the business activities, giving importance to the stakeholders opinions are some of the strategic management that ensures the involvement of the same in the organizational activities (Sodhi, 2015). Similarly, for Oxfam the stakeholders play the most important role in ensuring the firms process of value creation (Andr, 2014). However, the consumers are less for the organization, but there are other stakeholders engaged in the organizational activities for serving the poor. The firm also follows the stakeholders theory for the engagement of more people for serving the noble purpose of Oxfam. Stakeholder Theory: Considering the importance of the stakeholders engagement in the firms activities, the stakeholder theory is aptly consistent with the maximization of value for the firm. The stakeholders theory is indicated towards the management of the organization to comply with the constituencies in the part of the stakeholders that is capable of affecting the firm (Sodhi, 2015). The theory of stakeholders implies that the organization must pay attention to the employee management; consumers benefits and suppliers risk reduction, governmental regulation and organizational ethics maintenance, community development and competitors analysis in terms of creating and adding value to organizational activities (Dentoni, Bitzer Pascucci, 2016). Similarly, Oxfam maintains the stakeholder theory as a strategy to secure the value creation for the firm. Figure 2: Stakeholder Theoretical Framework Source: Harrison Wicks, 2013 Conclusion: Therefore it can be concluded from the above report that the value creation is one of the major aspects of the business. The report identifies that the value creation is possible through effecting and successful marketing communication. It is presented in the above report that the marketing communication determines the profitability of the firm. The chosen organization, Oxfam being a nonprofit organization does not have any specific business, and hence the marketing communication and the value creation of the firm are based on its service to the society. It is found in the report that the organization is focused on making a poverty free society where people have equal rights and for serving this purpose the firm raises funds through various activities. The value creation of Oxfam is therefore attached to the fundraising programs for the intended service. The report further discuses two theoretical approach for the value creation of the nonprofit organization that is practiced by the chosen firm. In addition, it is found that the report defines that the theoretical frameworks for nonprofit organization are different from that of profit organizations. 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Psychology Press. Vanhamme, J., Lindgreen, A., Reast, J., Van Popering, N. (2012). To do well by doing good: Improving corporate image through cause-related marketing.Journal of business ethics,109(3), 259-274. Husted, B. W., Allen, D. B., Kock, N. (2015). Value creation through social strategy.Business Society,54(2), 147-186. Andr, T. (2014, July). Corporate social responsibility boosts value creation at the base of the pyramid. InProceedings of the International Association for Business and Society(Vol. 25, pp. 44-56).